Notes on Emmanuel Levinas’ “Philosophy and the Idea of the Infinite”

Roberto Ponce Cordero,

It is difficult to imagine how an intellectual discipline like ours could even begin to operate without such concepts as “the Other” and “alterity”, as well as without the notion that the subject is constituted through her confrontation with the Other and through the permanent negotiation and rearranging of boundaries between the self and the Other or between the inside and the outside (by the way, it is difficult to imagine how I have managed to accomplish the dubious feat of not having read Levinas until now, too, but that is a different story, albeit one that probably explains, at least in part, my insecurity while writing this short paper). But the confrontation with the Other can take place under very different signs. For instance, as Levinas quite brilliantly –although also quite complicatedly– sketches in his text, the main tendency of Western philosophy has been to historically embrace the ideals of freedom and autonomy, as well as a system of cognition based on the integration and conquest of the Other into the realm of the Same, of the Ego, or of the Being (pp. 92-93). In this model, the Same must violate the Other and destroy it, incorporating it into the Self in order to be able to grasp the “truth” about it: “here every power begins” (p. 97).

Levinas, however, favors a concept of “truth” as something necessarily related to the experience of the beyond, of the outside, and of the transcendent Other (pp. 89-90), whereas experience means here something similar to the acknowledgment of the Other’s existence and, moreover, to the Other’s superiority, which stems from the Other’s face’s sheer “straightforwardness”, from “the absolute frankness of its gaze”, and from the fact that its “defenseless eyes” constitute an order of “You shall not kill” in and by themselves – an order that indeed “forbids me my conquest. Not that conquest is beyond my weak powers, but I am no longer able to have power” (p. 110).

Furthermore, Levinas seems to think that, if one could conduct that shift and see the Other as it is in its alterity, without objectifying it, assimilating it or turning it (¡“convirtiéndolo”!) into a “theme” (p. 97), a radical ethics would be possible, an ethics respectful of all “faces” (at least the human ones, since “animal heads” are explicitly excluded [p. 110] – an exclusion that a Vegan would undoubtedly criticize), in which “justice well ordered begins with the Other” (p. 112), and which itself is based not on cognition but on the infinite, on the transcendent, on the “conceptless experience” of the face of the Other (p. 118).

And this is precisely my main problem with Levinas’ text, as far as I understand it: in it, the Other, or at least its face, is constructed as something utterly non-constructed, as something pre-discursive, absolute. It is rather a synonym of God (p. 96 – and this becomes even clearer, in my opinion, on pp. 91-92 of the other Levinas’ text we were supposed to read, a dialog called “The Face”), a strategy of relocating the foundation of an ethics on a concept of infinite that seems to me to be too essentialist, or –which is another way of saying the same– too ahistorical, despite the philosopher’s recurrent critique of the history of Western thinking as he sees it.

Moreover, I think the notion of the gaze of the Other as being defenseless, not to mention the notion of resistance as being only ethical when it “has no resistance” (p. 112), can lead to an inflationary process of idealizing the Other as an entity (in this case, as an absolute entity) without agency, as an empty canvas on which to project one’s own shame and guilt (two concepts that Levinas also introduces in the final pages of his essay, pp. 116ff), as an object merely deserving charity: “We are the world, we are the children, we are the ones to make a better day, so let’s start giving” – and we are giving something (whatever it is) to the Other, who –to continue with this example of the very typically Western, and by the way very prominently displayed, discourse of compassion– looks at us, indeed, with defenseless gaze and a face that opens the dimension of the infinite in the form of indistinct children and women dying before the cameras during a famine in Africa. In fact, there is only a small step from there to the ideology of “the white man’s burden” (with the West being, precisely, responsible for the rest of the world), which also insists on the otherness of the Other and does not necessarily have to deny the Other a certain moral superiority (or a closeness to nature that Westerners can only dream of, or a fairer system of distribution of the little wealth the Other may have, or more “human” family values, etc.), at least in some instances.

Besides, and finally, “guilt” and “shame” are by no means concepts that cannot be instrumentalized to further imperial projects of conquest and domination. Germany, for example, nowadays derives its whole supposedly high “moral authority” in geopolitical questions on the fact that it is “guilty” of the Holocaust and that it is so profoundly “ashamed” of having committed it that it ostensibly will neither sin again nor let others sin. For instance, Germany’s participation in the invasion of Kosovo in 1999 (the first German military intervention since World War II) was carried out by using the famous anti-fascistic slogan “Nie wieder Auschwitz!” (“Never again Auschwitz!) and applying it to Milosevic’s regime in a post-modern turn that not only showed the German state’s chutzpah but also, and maybe more deeply, how close the discourses of shame and guilt, let alone of compassion, responsibility and universal ethics (even if ideally not based on Western traditions), can be to power, or at least how they can be used to stabilize it or to naturalize a state of injustice that perhaps is not really effectively resisted against by by hyperbolizing alterity and elevating the otherness of the Other to the category of an essence or an absolute.

 

(Crédito de imagen de thumbnail: http://www.babelio.com/livres/Levinas-En-decouvrant-lexistence-avec-Husserl-et-Heidegge/362781. Crédito de imagen de inicio de post: http://levinas.nl/).

Published by Roberto Ponce Cordero

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